Preparation, characterization, and application of a homemade graphene for the removal of Congo red from aqueous solutions

Ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-functionalized graphene was synthesized from Nigerian coal using a chemical exfoliation method and the applied for removal of Congo red dye aqueous solutions. The raw were characterized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy-dispersive (EDX) measurement pHpzc (pH point zero charge), Boehm titrations. SEM data revealed surface roughness which is enhanced in prepared while EDX an increase carbon content, main constituent graphene, about 26% to 80% graphene. Various adsorption variables, such as pH, contact time, concentration red, temperature, varied Liu isotherm gave best fit equilibrium than Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich models. maximum capacities at 25°C are 109.1 mg/g 129.0 mg/g, respectively. Avrami fractional-order kinetic model description data. had lowest values standard deviation pseudo-first-order pseudo-second-order process two materials occurred via stages proved by intraparticle diffusion model. spontaneous, feasible, endothermic. study conclusively nanomaterial be viable adsorbent textile wastewater treatment.